Δευτέρα 26 Δεκεμβρίου 2016

Minerals in our bird's nutrition !

Vitamin and minerals make up only a small part of the average avian diet, yet they play a key role in the well being of the bird. This is probably most true in the case of breeding birds, where deficiencies in these key nutrients will cause a reduction in fertility in both males and females, a reduction in hatchability as well as reduction in the viability of the progeny. In this the first of two articles on the subject, mineral nutrition in breeding birds will be dealt with.
It is well documented that mineral deficiencies will impact on birds in many ways. If a diet is deficient in one of these minerals, it is unlikely that birds will breed in a normal manner. On the other hand, an excess of a mineral can be even more debilitating and can easily lead to the death of a bird, as is evidenced by sodium (salt) toxicity.
In broad terms mineral nutrition is characterised by a number things. Firstly, there is a complex set of interrelationships that exist between the different minerals in the bird. This is largely as a result of the fact that in order for minerals to be absorbed by a bird, they first need to be transported across the gut wall, mostly by what is know as a carrier protein. The different minerals are believed to compete for these proteins, which is why an excessive level of a mineral can and does inhibit the absorption of another. Perhaps the best know of these interactions is that exists between calcium and phosphorus.
The second outstanding feature of mineral nutrition is that birds only tend to absorb what they actually require. This is well illustrated by figure 1, which shows how zinc absorption drops off after a certain level in the tissues is achieved. Clearly, the percentage of Zinc absorbed from the diet is dependent on the level of mineral in the diet. As similar pattern is know to exist for most minerals in the diet.
All animals have bodily reserves of minerals, which can be built up and then drawn upon in times of need. Mineral toxicities occur when these “stores” exceed normal levels, and the manner in which this occurs is dependant on both the levels in the diet and the duration that they are fed the diet. The key “upper” and “lower” for minerals for chickens are shown in table 1. It should be remembered that this list is not comprehensive, and nutritionists can’t be sure if the minimum levels for chickens would be adequate for all classes of bird. We know for example, that turkeys have far higher mineral requirements that other types of poultry, and there is a possibility that diets formulated for chickens may well be deficient in one of the key minerals for other species.
Figure 1: Effect of increasing dietary intake on true absorption of zinc in Japanese Quail.
minerals1
Table 1: Minimum and maximum tolerable levels of minerals in chicken diets (all in ppm) (Source, NRC, (1994)).
minerals2
It is important to remember that not all sources of a mineral are equally available. In the first instance, animals can simply not digest some mineral sources. For example, nearly two thirds of the phosphorus contained in plant material occurs in phytate form. Animals do not posses the enzymes know as phytase required to break down these molecules, so all phytate phosphorus simply passes through the bird without even being digested. Secondly, not all forms of mineral are used in the body with the same efficiency. As an example, Iron Oxide (which we know as rust) can’t really be utilised by birds at all. Iron Sulphate is a far better source of iron, while it has been shown that the organic forms of iron, such as iron proteinate are the most available source of all.
It should be borne in mind that in the wild, birds will select dietary items so as to meet their requirement for a specific mineral. Wild ducks have bee shown to increase their intake of animal foods, particularly crustaceans, at the onset of the breeding season so as to increase their bodily reserves of calcium.
From a breeding bird perspective, it is important to appreciate that the mineral status of the laying female determines the amount of each mineral transferred to the egg and the mineral stores of the hatchling. In the case of precocious birds (birds that are fed by the parents), parental diet is of great importance in maintaining the mineral status of the young.
The most important minerals are what are known as the macro minerals (Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium and Potassium). These are likely to have an impact on the general viability of the breeding flock, and any deficiency will manifest itself in clinical symptoms fairly quickly. The micro minerals on the other hand (Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Selenium and others) are less likely to play “visible” role in breeder flock well being, but they play a vital role in breeding results as will be seen later.
Of the macro minerals calcium and phosphorus are the elements of specific concern. These two minerals are essential for skeletal integrity, various regulatory roles in the body and eggshell formation. They share a carrier mechanism (a metaloprotein) for normal absorption, which only functions normally in the presence of Vitamin D3. If an excess of either calcium or phosphorus occurs in the diet, the uptake of the other is severely inhibited. For example, if too much limestone (the traditional calcium source) is added to a diet it will lead to an effective phosphorus deficiency. By contrast, too little calcium will also have a direct impact on the bird in that deficiency symptoms will occur. There are a variety of symptoms, which would include rickets, soft bones, muscular problems and perhaps most importantly soft shelled eggs.
Calcium deficiency is an extremely common problem in pet birds. Not only are the seeds which are often fed deficient in calcium, but the fatty acids present in the oil of seeds such as sunflower seeds combine with calcium to form insoluble soaps, even further decreasing its absorption.
Fortunately for most aviculturalists the bird is able to build up a calcium reserves within the medullary or soft part of the bones. This is complicated somewhat by the fact that small birds lay proportionally larger eggs. In addition, precocial species generally lay larger eggs than similar sized altricial species. It is estimated that there is enough calcium in the birds own body reserves for a clutch of 10 eggs in the case of a hen, but only for about 5 eggs in the case of a Zebra Finch. For larger clutches, some additional calcium is required in the diet.

Overfeeding of calcium can and does occur under practical avicultural conditions. For example, commercial layer pellets, which are widely fed to pheasants and waterfowl, contain in excess of 3% calcium. Whilst this is perfect for breeding adults, it is far too high for young chicks, and if care is not taken to offer the chicks a separate diet, rickets and other problems may well occur.
The one way of overcoming the overfeeding of calcium is to allow the birds free choice. Rather than mixing any supplement into the diet, offer it separately.
It is beyond the scope of this article to go into detail on each of the micro minerals fed too birds. However, there are a few well-documented problems that occur in birds when they do not receive adequate quantities of minerals, and these are discussed below.
The enzyme, tyrosinase, which is responsible for the production of melanin, is copper containing. This induces pigmentation defects of the eggshell, and eggs from copper deficient females are often infertile and have defective shells due to defective collagen in the shell membrane. Zinc is an all-important mineral. Diets that are zinc deficient cause a sharp drop in food consumption. This in turn cause impairs the number of eggs the female will lay. In quails and pheasants, maternal diets that are deficient in zinc give rise to chicks that are weak and have laboured breathing.
Many birds in captivity do not have access to soil and they can become iron deficient. In some species this can be seen in a reduction of the colour of red and black feathers. Iron-deficient females lay eggs that undergo embryonic mortality, due to anaemia in the later stages of development.
A deficiency of phosphorus will lead to embryonic mortality during the last trimester, whereas a deficiency in manganese, particularly in the case of the diet of the adult birds in the case of proceal birds will lead to skeletal abnormalities such as slipped tendon, which leads to skew legs.
Other minerals have been shown to have a direct impact on the humoral immune system of the bird. For example, it is know that zinc is required for good progeny immunity. Manganese is also implicated in immune response. In recent work in farm animals it has been shown that by boosting the selenium, which is a natural anti-oxidant, the immune status of the progeny is improved.
How minerals effect male fertility is unclear. It is know that zinc boosts the production of viable semen in male birds and other animals. The anti-oxidative effect of selenium has also been shown to boost male fertility in poultry. Adding selenium to the diet is not something that should be “tried at home”. The quantities used are measured in parts per billion but toxicity occurs at levels as low as 5 parts per million, thus making selenium the most toxic of all minerals. It is probably safe to assume that a deficiency in any of the minerals in likely to have a direct impact on sperm production and motility.
An article by By Rick Kleyn, MSc (Agric), Nutritionist
source :. http://spesfeed.com

Κυριακή 18 Δεκεμβρίου 2016

Leg band size guide for Parrots

A very useful catalogue from a great site.
Source : http://www.birdbands.com/


Parrots (Use Aluminium or Stainless Steel bands)

Leg Band
Size Guide
Adelaide Rosella ( Australian ) 7 mm
African Grey Parrot - Congo 11 mm
Stainless Steel
African Grey Parrot - Timneh 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
African Ringnecked Parakeet 7.6 mm
Albino Cockatiel 6 mm
Alexandras Parakeet ( Australian ) 6 mm
Alexandrine Parakeet 8.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Amazon Parrot 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Amboina King Parrot 7.6 mm
American Parakeet (Budgerigar) 4 mm
Andaman Island Parakeet 7.6 mm
Antipodes Parakeet 4.3 mm
Argentina Conure 5.3 mm
Aymara Parakeet 4 mm
Bare eyed Cockatoo 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Bare eyed Corella 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Barnards Parakeet 6 mm
Barraband Parakeet 7 mm
Barred Parakeet 4.3 mm
Belize Yellow headed Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Black capped Conure 5.3 mm
Black Lory 8.7 mm
Black Masked Conure 6 mm
Black Parrot 11 mm
Black billed Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Black capped Conure 5.3 mm
Black capped Lory 8.7 mm
Black cheeked Lovebird 4.3 mm
Black collared Lovebird 4.3 mm
Black faced Lovebird 4.3 mm
Black headed Caique 8.7 mm
Black tailed Conure 5.3 mm
Black winged Lovebird - Abyssinian 4.9 mm
Blood eared Conure 5.3 mm
Blossom headed Parakeet 7 mm
Blue & Gold Macaw 12.6 mm - 14 mm
Stainless Steel
Blue Mountain Lory 7.6 mm
Blue Quaker Parrot 6 mm
Blue Ring necked Parakeet 7.6 mm
Blue bonnet Parakeet, Bluebonnet ( Australian ) 5.3 mm
Blue cheeked Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Blue cheeked Rosella ( Australian ) 6 mm
Blue crowned Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Blue crowned Conure 7.6 mm
Blue crowned Hanging Parrot 4.1 mm
Blue eared Lorikeet 4.1 mm
Blue eyed Cockatoo 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Blue fronted Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Blue headed Macaw 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Blue headed Parakeet 5.3 mm
Blue headed Pionus 8.7 mm
Blue naped Parrot 8.7 mm
Blue rumped Parrotlet 4.1 mm
Blue throated Conure 6 mm
Blue throated Macaw 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Blue winged Conure 5.3 mm
Blue winged Grass Parakeet ( Australian ) 4.1 mm
Blue winged Parakeet - Malabar Parakeet 7.6 mm
Blue winged Parrotlet 4.1 mm
Bodins Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Bolivian Blue fronted Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Bourkes Parakeet ( Australian ) 4.1 mm
Brazilian Grey breasted Conure 5.3 mm
Bronze winged Pionus 8.7 mm
Brown Parrot 7 mm
Brown eared Conure 6 mm
Brown headed Parrot 7 mm
Brown necked Parrot 11 mm
Brown throated Conure 6 mm
Budgerigar, Budgie, Shell Parakeet ( Australian / American) 4 mm , 4.1 mm
Budgerigar Show, Budgie ( English ) 4.3 mm , 4.5 mm
Budgerigar Wild Bush ( Australian ) 3.5 mm , 4 mm
Buffons Macaw 15 mm
Stainless Steel
Caatinga Conure 6 mm
Cactus Conure 6 mm
Canary winged Parakeet 4.3 mm & 4.5 mm
Caninde Macaw 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Cape Parrot 9.5 mm
Cardinal Lory 7.6 mm
Caribbean Conure 6 mm
Catalina Macaw 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Celestial Parrotlet 4.3 mm
Channel Billed Toucan 11 mm
Chapmans Conure 8.7 mm
Chapmans Mealy Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Chattering Lory 8.7 mm
Cherry headed Conure 7.6 mm
Citron crested Cockatoo 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Cloncurry Parakeet ( Australian ) 6 mm
Cobalt winged Parakeet 5.3 mm
Cockatiel, Quarrion, Weiro ( Australian ) 5.3 mm
Cockatiel Mutations ( Australian ) 6 mm
Common Parrotlet 4.1 mm
Congo African Grey 11 mm
Coral billed Pionus 8.7 mm
Cornelias Eclectus Parrot 11 mm
Costa Rica Mealy Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Crimson bellied Conure 5.3 mm
Crimson Rosella ( Australian ) 7 mm
Crimson bellied Conure 5.3 mm
Crimson winged Parakeet 7 mm
Cuban Amazon 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Demerara Conure 5.3 mm
Deplanches Lorikeet 7.6 mm
Derbyan Parakeet 8.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Diademed Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Double Eyed Fig Parrot ( Australian ) 5.5 mm
Double Yellow headed Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Ducorpss Cockatoo 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Dufresnes Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Duivenbodes Lory 8.7 mm
Dusky Conure 6 mm
Dusky Lory 7 mm
Dusky Pionus 7.6 mm
Dusky headed Conure 6 mm
Duyvenbodes Lory 7.6 mm
Eastern Long billed Corella 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Eastern Rosella ( Australian ) 6 mm
Eclectus Parrot, Red Sided ( Australian ) 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Eclectus Parrot ( New Guinea ) 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Edwards Lorikeet 7.6 mm
Elegant Parakeet ( Australian ) 4.1 mm
Emerald Lorikeet 4.3 mm
English Budgerigar (Show Budgie) 4.3 mm , 4.5 mm
Festive Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Fig Parrot 4.3 mm - 4.5 mm
Fiery shouldered Conure 5.3 mm
Finschs Amazon 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Fischers Lovebird 4.3 mm
Forstens Lorikeet 7.6 mm
Galah ( Australian ) ( Rose Breasted Cockatoo ) 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Gang Gang Cockatoo ( Australian ) 9.5mm - 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Glossy Black Cockatoo ( Australian ) 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Goffins Cockatoo 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Golden Conure 8.7 mm
Golden capped Conure 7.6 mm
Golden mantled Rosella 6 mm & 6.4 mm
Golden Shouldered Parrot ( Australian ) 4.3 mm
Goldies Lorikeet 5.3 mm
Grass Parakeets ( Australian ) 4.1 mm
Great Green Macaw 15 mm & 15.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Great billed Parrot 11 mm
Greater Patagonian Conure 8.7 mm
Greater Sulphur Crested Cockatoo galerita ( Australia ) 12.7 mm
Greater Vasa Parrot 12.7 mm
Greater Yellow Headed Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Green Hanging Parrot 4.1 mm
Green Rosella ( Australian ) 7 mm
Green cheeked Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Green cheeked Conure ( Yellow sided Conure ) 5.3 mm
Green cheeked Conure ( Yellow sided Conure ) Large 6 mm
Green fronted Hanging Parrot 4.1 mm
Green naped Lorikeet 7.6 mm
Green rumped Parrotlet 4.1 mm
Green thighed Caique 8.7 mm
Green winged King Parakeet 11 mm
Green winged Macaw 15 mm
Stainless Steel
Grey cheeked Parakeet 4.3 mm
Grey hooded Parakeet 4.1 mm
Hahns Macaw 7.6mm - 8.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Harlequin Macaw 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Hawk headed Parrot 9.5 mm
Hispaniolan Amazon 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Honduras Yellow headed Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Hooded Parrot ( Australian ) 4.3 mm
Horned Parakeet 6 mm
Hyacinth Macaw 15.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Illigers Macaw 8.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Indian Hanging Parrot 4.1 mm
Indian Ringneck Parakeet 7.6 mm
Iris Lorikeet 5.3 mm
Jardines Parrot 8.7 mm
Jenday Conure 6 mm
Kakariki 4.3 mm - 4.5 mm
King Parrot ( Australian ) 7.6 mm
Leadbeaters Cockatoo 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Lesser Patagonian Conure 7.6 mm
Lesser Sulphur Crested Cockatoo sulphurea ( Indonesia ) 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Lesser Vasa Parrot 8.7 mm
Lilac crowned Amazon 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Lilacine Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Lineolated Parakeet 4.3 mm
Little Corella - short billed ( Australian ) 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Little Lorikeet ( Australian ) 4.3 mm
Long Billed Black Cockatoo ( Australian ) 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Lovebird - Most varieties 4.3 mm & 4.5 mm
Lovebird Madagascar 3.5 mm & 4 mm
Lutino Ring necked Parakeet 7.6 mm
M S C Cockatoo 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Major Mitchells Cockatoo ( Australian ) 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Malabar Parakeet - Blue winged Parakeet 8.7 mm
Malaysian Hanging Parrot 4.1 mm
Mallee Ringneck ( Australian ) 6 mm
Maroon bellied Conure 5.3 mm
Masked Lovebird 4.3 mm
Maximilians Pionus 8.7 mm
Mealy Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Mealy Rosella 5.3 mm
Medium Sulphur Crested Cockatoo eleonora ( Aru Islands) 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Mexican Green Macaw 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Mexican Parrotlet 4.1 mm
Mexican Red headed Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Meyers Lorikeet 5.3 mm
Meyers Parrot 7 mm
Military Macaw 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Mitred Conure 8.7 mm
Moluccan Cockatoo 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Moluccan Hanging Parrot 4.1 mm
Monk Parakeet ( Quaker ) 6 mm
Moszkowskis Green winged King Parrot 7.6 mm
Mountain Parakeet 3.5 mm
Moustached Parakeet 7.6 mm
Mulga Parrot ( Australian ) 5.3 mm
Musk Lorikeet ( Australian ) 5.3 mm
Nanday Conure 6 mm
Stainless Steel
Neophema ( Australian ) 4.1 mm
Nobles Macaw 7.6 mm & 8 mm
Stainless Steel
Northern Rosella ( Australian ) 6 mm
Nyasa Lovebird 4.3 mm - 4.5 mm
Obi Violet necked Lory 7 mm
Ochre marked Conure 6 mm
Orange bellied Parrot ( Australian ) 4.1 mm
Orange fronted Hanging Parrot 4.1 mm
Orange winged Amazon 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Pacific Parrotlet 4.1 mm
Painted Conure 5.3 mm
Pale headed Rosella ( Australian ) 6 mm
Pallid Caique 8.7 mm
Palm Cockatoo ( Australian ) 11 mm - 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Panama Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Patagonian Conure 7.6 mm
Peach faced Lovebird 4.3 mm - 4.5 mm
Peach fronted Conure 6 mm
Pearly Conure 5.3 mm
Pearly Conure 5.3 mm
Pennant Rosella 6 mm & 6.4 mm
Pesquets Parrot 12.7 mm
Philippine Cockatoo 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Pileated Parakeet 5.3 mm
Pineapple green cheeked conure 6 mm
Pionus Parrot 8.7 mm
Plum headed Parakeet 6 mm
Port Lincoln Parakeet ( Australian ) 7.6 mm - 8.7 mm
Primrose Cheeked Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Princess Parrot, Princess of Wales Parakeet ( Australian ) 6 mm
Purple Crowned Lorikeet ( Australian ) 4.3 mm
Quaker Parakeet ( Monk Parakeet ) 6 mm
Queen of Bavaria Conure 8.7 mm
Rainbow Lory ( Australian ) 7 mm - 7.6 mm
Red Billed Toucan 11 mm
Red bellied Macaw 8.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Red bellied Parrot 7 mm
Red browed Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Red capped Parrot 6 mm
Red collared Lorikeet 7.6 mm
Red crowned Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Red flanked lory 4.3 mm
Red fronted Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Red fronted Macaw 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Red headed Conure 7.6 mm
Red lored Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Red masked Parakeet 7.6 mm
Red necked Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Red Rosella 5.3 mm
Red rumped Parrot ( Australian ) 4.3 mm
Red shouldered Macaw 7.6 mm
Stainless Steel
Red Spectacled Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Red tailed Black Cockatoo ( Australian ) 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Red Tailed Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Red throated Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Red topped Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Red vented Cockatoo 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Red Winged Parrot ( Australian ) 7.6 mm
Regent Parrot ( Australian ) 7 mm - 7.6 mm
Ringneck Parrot ( Australian ) 6 mm
Rock Parrot ( Australian ) 4.1 mm
Rock Pebbler 7 mm
Roseate Cockatoo ( Galah ) 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Rose breasted Cockatoo ( Galah ) 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Rose crowned Conure 5.3 mm
Rose ringed Parakeet 7.6 mm
Ruppells Parrot 7 mm
Salmon crested Cockatoo 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Salvins Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Scaly breasted Lorikeet ( Australian ) 6 mm
Scarlet chested Parrot ( Australian ) 4.1 mm
Scarlet Macaw 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Senegal Parrot 7 mm
Severe Macaw 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Sierra Parakeet 4.1 mm
Slaty headed Parakeet 6 mm
Slender billed Cockatoo 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Souanceis Conure 5.3 mm
Spectacled Amazon 8.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Spectacled Parrotlet 4.1 mm
Splendid Grass Parakeet 4.1 mm
St Lucia Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
St Vincents Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Stanley Rosella 4.3 mm
Stellas Lorikeet 6 mm
Sulphur crested Cockatoo - Greater ( Australian ) 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Sun Conure 6 mm
Stainless Steel
Superb Parrot ( Australian ) 7 mm - 7.6 mm
Swainsons Lorikeet 7.6 mm
Swift Parrot ( Australian ) 5.3 mm
Tanimbar Cockatoo 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Tasman Rosella 6 mm
Thick billed Parrot 9.5 mm
Timneh African Grey 9.5 mm
Timor Cockatoo 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Toco Toucan 15 mm
Tres Marias Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Triton Cockatoo ( New Guinea ) 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Tucuman Amazon 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Turquoisine Parakeet ( Australian ) 4.1 mm
Twenty eight Parakeet ( Australian ) 8.7 mm
Umbrella Cockatoo 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Varied Lorikeet ( Australian ) 5.3 mm
Vinaceous Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Waglers Conure 8.7 mm
Waglers Macaw 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Webers Lorikeet 7.6 mm
Weddells Conure 6 mm
Western Corella 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Western Long billed Corella 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Western Rosella ( Australian ) 5.3 mm
White Cockatoo 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
White bellied Caique 8.7 mm
White breasted Conure 5.3 mm
White capped Pionus 8.7 mm
White crested Cockatoo 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
White eared Conure 5.3 mm
White eyed Conure 7 mm
White fronted Amazon 8.7 mm
Stainless Steel
White tailed Black Cockatoo ( Australian ) 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
White winged Parakeet 5.3 mm
Yellow Rosella ( Australian ) 7 mm
Yellow backed Chattering Lory 8.7 mm
Yellow bibbed Lory 7 mm
Yellow billed Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Yellow cheeked Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Yellow cheeked Conure 7 mm
Yellow collared Lory 7 mm
Yellow collared Macaw 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Yellow crowned Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Yellow crowned Parrot 11 mm
Yellow faced Amazon 9.5 mm
Stainless Steel
Yellow fronted Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Yellow fronted Parakeet 4.3 mm
Yellow headed Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Yellow lored Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Yellow naped Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Yellow naped Macaw 8.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Yellow shouldered Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel
Yellow sided Conure ( Green cheeked Conure ) 5.3 mm
Yellow sided Conure ( Green cheeked Conure ) Large 6 mm
Yellow streaked Lory 7.6 mm & 8 mm
Yellow tailed Black Cockatoo ( Australian ) 12.7 mm
Stainless Steel
Yellow thighed Caique 8.7 mm
Yellow throated Hanging Parrot 4.3 mm
Yellow winged Amazon 11 mm
Stainless Steel     
                               

Πέμπτη 15 Δεκεμβρίου 2016

Παπαγάλος κονούρα Green Cheeked - Pyrrhura Molinae !

Παπαγάλος κονούρα Green Cheeked - Pyrrhura Molinae είναι παρόμοιος στον χρωματισμό του με τον maroon bellied conure αλλά μπορείς να τους ξεχωρίσεις από την κοκκινωπή επιφάνεια στα φτερά της ουράς του. Έχει πράσινο φτέρωμα στον κορμό και τα κύρια φτερά πτήσης του είναι μπλε. Το χρωματισμό ψηλά στο στήθος γύρω από τον λαιμό έχει σειρές από άσπρο φτέρωμα. Στην άγρια φύση ζουν σε σμήνη και πολύ σπάνια γίνονται επιθετικά μεταξύ τους. Αυτός είναι και ο λόγος που μπορούν να εξημερωθούν εύκολα και σε λίγες μόνο εβδομάδες αιχμαλωσίας.

Χώρα Προέλευσης Βολιβία

Μέγεθος Τα πουλιά αυτά μεγαλώνουν μέχρι τους 26 πόντους

Υποείδη

Υπάρχουν 6 υποείδη σε αυτό το είδος κονούρας


  1. green cheeked conure (pyrrhura molinae molinae)
  2. argentina conure (pyrrhura molinae australis)
  3. santa cruz conure (pyrrhura molinae restricta)
  4. yellow sided conure (pyrrhura molinae hypoxantha)
  5. pyrrhura molinae sordida
  6. pyrrhura molinae phoenicura
Διατροφή

Η διατροφή τους δε διαφέρει από αυτή των υπολοίπων παπαγάλων. Ποικιλία από σπόρους, φρούτα, ξηρούς καρπούς, λαχανικά καθώς και πελλετς του εμπορίου. Φυσικά, μπορεί να φάει και ότι τρώει ο άνθρωπος εκτός τα απαγορευμένα για παπαγάλους (σοκολάτα, αβοκάντο κτλ). Μπορούν να προστεθούν βιταμίνες στο νερό, το οποίο πρέπει να ανανεώνεται σε καθημερινή βάση. Σε περίπτωση που δεν ακολουθείται διατροφή με πελλετς μπορούμε να ενισχύσουμε την διατροφή με τροφές με μεγάλη περιεκτικότητα σε πρωτεΐνη, όπως τυρί cottage, βραστά αυγά, φιστίκια, ακόμα και τροφή για σκύλους!

Κοινωνική Συμπεριφορά

Είναι γενικά πολύ εύκολα πουλιά και από τα πιο ήσυχα σε σύγκριση με τις άλλες κονούρες. Είναι πολύ κοινωνικά και εξημερώνονται εύκολα από τον άνθρωπο, δεν είναι όμως καλοί ομιλητές. Θα λέγαμε ότι η φωνή τους είναι αρκετά ψιλή με αποτέλεσμα ακόμα και τις λίγες λέξεις που μπορούν να μάθουν να είναι δύσκολο να τις καταλάβουμε. Φτάνουν στην σεξουαλική ωριμότητα στα 2 χρόνια και κάνουν 4 έως 6 αυγά. Δεν απαιτεί ιδιαίτερα μεγάλη φωλιά για τα αυγά του, σε σύγκριση πάντα με άλλα είδη παπαγάλων.

Δεν είναι ιδιαίτερα ακριβό σαν κατοικίδιο. Στη χώρα μας ίσως είναι από τα πιο οικονομικά, αν και δεν είναι ιδιαίτερα διαδεδομένα. Είναι πολύ δημοφιλή πουλιά όπως όλες οι κονούρες, κυρίως σε οικογένειες με παιδιά γιατί είναι ιδιαίτερα ανθεκτικά πουλιά, είναι πολύ καλά σαν πρώτα κατοικίδια για κάποιον που δεν έχει εμπειρία και λατρεύουν να μαθαίνουν κόλπα.

Διαμονή

Ένα κλουβί για μεσαίου μεγέθους παπαγάλο είναι ιδανικό για τον green cheeked conure, με την προϋπόθεση ότι το πουλί θα περνά αρκετό καιρό έξω από το κλουβί για να μπορείς να γυμνάζει τα φτερά του. Ελάχιστες διαστάσεις κλουβιού για αυτά τα πολύ ενεργητικά πουλιά είναι 60χ40χ50. Το κλουβί θα πρέπει να καθαρίζεται σε εβδομαδιαία βάση και να γίνεται οπτικός έλεγχος γιατί έχουν την τάση να αποδράσουν. Βέβαια, αυτό που ισχύει και σε αυτή την περίπτωση είναι ότι το κλουβί πρέπει να είναι το μεγαλύτερο δυνατό που μπορούμε να αντέξουμε, από άποψη χώρου και χρήματος. Λόγω της εξυπνάδας και της ενεργητικότητας του, καλό θα ήταν να του παρέχουμε αρκετά παιχνίδια τα οποία θα εναλλάσσουμε ανά τακτά χρονικά διαστήματα.

Διαθεσιμότητα

Γενικότερα, τα περισσότερα ειδή από τις κονούρες αναπαράγονται σχετικά εύκολα. Αν μάλιστα λάβουμε υπόψιν μας ότι είναι ιδιαίτερα ανθεκτικά πουλιά, καταλαβαίνουμε γιατί είναι τόσο διαδεδομένα και αγαπητά από τον κόσμο. Δεν είναι βέβαια τόσο διάσημος ο green cheeked όπως οι συγγενείς του Aratinga, αλλά παραμένει δημοφιλής.


Πηγη animal-world.com

Κυριακή 11 Δεκεμβρίου 2016

T.Y.C.C. SHOW 2016, Izmir !!!

Another great show from the Yorkshire club of Turkey with 1476 birds , an unbelievable number!!!Brian Keenan,George McCracken, Jos Gerrits and Leon Lebrun were the judges of the Izmir show 2016.One of the biggest club worldwide with a lot of new breeders joining every year. The hospitality of our friends was incredible for one more time. The level of the birds is getting better and better every year. It seemed that Aycan Varol and the other breeders that are "running" the club are working on it with great success! Well done brothers!
Best in Show Best 1 Tarhan kardeşler
 Best 2 Ercan Tunkar
Best 3  Tarhan Kardesier
Best 4  Tarhan Kardesier
Best 5  İzmir Yorkshire group
Best 6  Saban Sabanoglu
Best 7   Akan Karaca
Many thanks to Suleyman Caglar and Ersin Altin   for sharing their photos!Blessed and honoured from your friendship and your support.... We are all citizens of Planet Yorkshire...
























Κυριακή 4 Δεκεμβρίου 2016

S.Y.C.C. of Ireland , Kilkenny show 2016 !!!

One of the most interesting days of my life, SYCC show of Ireland .A fantastic show with 400 birds and breeders from UK and Ireland with visitors from the rest of the Europe.The quality of the birds is really amazing with a great position and fantastic quality of feather.It was very difficult to choose the Best 7 birds because the level of quality was higher than we use to know. It was  a pleasure to interact with people like Tery Bryan, the soul of Irish SYCC, with the "tireless worker" Alan Dempsey and the others.The most interesting time was the conversation  about the fancy , the present and the future of the clubs and the shows.There are many things and facts about the Yorkshire canary that all of us are talking about them to our friends but this convesation was a great opportunity for different "minds" to share their considerations.The "private lesson" in Yorkshire canaries from George Weeks was  very useful and improved my knowledge for sure.There is no need to say that the hospitality of Irish SYCC was fantastic and i want to thank all of them for their friendship and support and Oliver Quinn for his invitation!!!
If you are wondering who is the champion, the answer is the "usual suspect" Oliver Quinn with five birds in BEST 7 !!!! The king on his throne for one more time....
Albert is improving his birds every year and he is the champion Novice


The best seven winners are
Champion bird     Oliver Quinn
Second best             Quinn
Third best                Quinn
Fourth best              Quinn
Fifth best                  Kelly
Sixth best                Quinn
Seventh best           Schullion


View from the Hall




The BEST 7 Birds
The Novice BEST 7 Birds